E2 Visa (Treaty Investor)

The E2 visa is a nonimmigrant (temporary) visa for foreign business investors (from certain treaty countries) who are coming to the United States to direct and develop the operations of a U.S. business that they have invested in or is actively in the process of investing a substantial amount of money in.

The business investor can also bring their foreign employees (who must be from the same treaty country as them) to the United States under the E2 visa to help run the operations of the U.S. business. The employees of the E2 visa business investor can include executives, supervisors, or staff with special skills that are essential to successfully run the operations of the U.S. business. Employees can be new hires under the E2 visa which means that they do not need to have worked for the business owner in the past.

E2 VISA QUALIFIED PERSONS (TREATY INVESTOR)

A qualified person under the E2 visa application must be a foreign business investor who (1) has invested or is actively in the process of investing a substantial amount of capital in a U.S. business, (2) will only be staying in the United States to direct and develop the business, (3) has at least 50% ownership of the U.S. business or has control over the business by other means, and (4) has a nationality or citizenship from a qualified treaty country.

The treaty investor can also bring their foreign employees (i.e., executives, supervisors, or essential staff) to the United States to assist them in running the U.S. business under the E2 visa. Please see here for qualified employees of E2 visa treaty investors.

The original statutory wording for qualified persons for E2 visas can be found in 8 CFR 214.2(e)(2).

Nationality or Citizenship of Treaty Country

The E2 visa business investor (or an entity as a business investor) must have the nationality or citizenship of a foreign country that has a qualified treaty with the United States (or the country is approved under U.S. legislation).

E2 Visa (Treaty Investor)
North America	Asia
· Canada · Mexico	· Republic of China (Taiwan) · Japan · South Korea · Kyrgyzstan · Mongolia · Philippines · Singapore · Sri Lanka · Thailand · Bangladesh · Kazakhstan
Central America	South America
· Costa Rica · Honduras · Panama	· Argentina · Bolivia · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Paraguay · Suriname
Middle East	Africa
· Bahrain · Israel · Jordan · Oman · Pakistan · Turkey · Georgia	· Cameroon · Congo (Brazzaville) · Congo (Kinshasa) · Liberia · Morocco · Egypt · Ethiopia · Senegal · Togo · Tunisia
Oceania	Europe
· Australia (also eligible for E3 visa) · New Zealand	· Austria · Albania · Armenia · Azerbaijan · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Ireland · Italy · Kosovo · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Moldova · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Romania · Serbia · Slovak Republic · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Ukraine · United Kingdom · Yugoslavia
Caribbean
· Grenada · Jamaica · Trinidad & Tobago

E2 Visa Business Investor With Dual Citizenship

Business investors who have dual citizenship (not including U.S. citizenship) can choose one of the countries (if it is a qualified treaty country) to use for the E2 visa. If the business investor with dual citizenship has already entered the United States, then the country of the passport they used to enter would be the country used under the E2 visa.

E2 Visa Business Investor Cannot be U.S. Citizen or U.S. Green Card Holder

Business investors who have a green card or have a U.S. citizenship (dual citizenship) will not be treated as a foreign treaty investor for the treaty country ownership qualifications under the E2 visa because they cannot actually hold an E2 visa status.

E2 Visa Business Investor is a Legal Entity

When the business investor under the E2 visa is an organization or enterprise (business entity), the nationality of the organization or enterprise is traced back to the nationality of its individual owners (persons). The organization or enterprise that is acting as a business investor must be at least 50% owned by persons who have a valid E2 visa status (or who are qualifiable for an E2 visa status if they are outside the United States) and the organization or enterprise will be given the nationality of the business owner’s treaty country.

In scenarios where two owners from different treaty countries have equal shares in a partnership or a 50/50 joint venture, the nationality of the organization or enterprise can be either owner’s treaty country. The nationality of publicly traded companies is usually presumed to be of the country where the stock is physically listed and the stock exchange that it is exclusively sold and traded on.

U.S. Business is Real and Active

The U.S. business under the E2 visa must be a real business that is actively operating to provide goods or services to earn a profit. This means that the U.S. business under the E2 visa cannot be a shell company or an idle speculative investment (or passive investments) that is held for potential appreciations in value such as a U.S. business holding stocks or undeveloped land that is not intended to be actively developed commercially by the business investor. The U.S. business also cannot be a non-profit organization under the E2 visa due to the for-profit requirement.

Under the E2 visa, passive investments such as investments in single-family residential properties (different from commercial residential property) that are rented out to tenants do not qualify unless the portfolio is so large that an active property management business is needed to maintain the investment. For example, 5 houses being rented out under the U.S. business will most likely not qualify under the E2 visa whereas a U.S. business that manages 40 rental houses may qualify as an active property management business.

E2 Visa New Company (Start-Ups)

Start-ups are allowed under the E2 visa applications (treaty investor). In comparison, treaty traders under E1 visas are required to show that they already have an established business involved in international trade for a period of time before their E1 treaty trader visa application.

Investment Capital

The capital (money or assets) of the business investment under the E2 visa must be (1) from lawful means (cannot be earned from illegal activity), (2) put under commercial risk (has the possibility of being lost if the business fails), (3) possessed and controlled by the business investor, (4) personal funds or loans based on personal collateral, and (5) committed irrevocably to the U.S. business.

The capital invested in the U.S. business can be assets or funds (money) such as from savings, gifts, inheritance (however inheritance of the E2 visa treaty business itself is not qualified), loans that are collateralized by the business investor’s personal assets, winnings from contests, or other legal sources.

Intangible or intellectual property rights can also be considered as capital based on their current market value under the E2 visa. However, if the market value is not available for the patent or copyright, the current value of their manufacturing or publishing contracts or opinions of industry experts can be used instead.

Original Source is Lawful & Money Trail

The E2 visa treaty investor should be able to show where the money invested into the U.S. business came from and how the money was used to invest into the U.S. business. The original source of the funds invested in the U.S. business cannot be earned or gained from illegal activity.

Typically, the original source of funds for the investment are from sales of properties or businesses, inheritance, earnings, or loans which would usually be moved to a U.S. bank account (however funds already in the United States can be used as well) to pay for the U.S. business’s expenses such as rent, equipment, goods, etc. For example, a business investor showing only wire transfers to a U.S. bank account will most likely not be enough under the E2 visa. The business owner should also provide additional documents that can also show them already signing contracts, leasing office spaces, and making actual purchases (e.g., equipment or goods) for the U.S. business under the E2 visa.

At-Risk Commercially

Putting the capital at-risk in a commercial sense under the E2 visa means that the capital has the possibility of being lost if the business fails. The funds under the E2 visa would typically be personal assets such as personal funds, mortgages that use the person’s house as collateral, or reasonable amounts of cash in the U.S. business’s bank account. Typically, mortgages or commercial loans secured by the assets of the U.S. business, or loans guaranteed by another person other than the E2 visa treaty investor cannot be qualified under the E2 visa.

Possession and Control

The treaty investor under the E2 visa would need to show that they have control over the U.S. business to direct and develop its operations by (1) owning at least 50% of the U.S. business (if the business owner retains their full rights of control and has not assigned those rights to someone else), (2a) having operational control by being in a managerial position, (2b) having operational control through other corporate device, or (2c) being in control by other means (e.g., in scenarios where the treaty country ownership is too diffuse for one person or company to show control to direct and develop the U.S. business).

Shows Control Over U.S. Business

A business investor under the E2 visa can usually show their control over the U.S. business in forms such as ownership of the U.S. business, control of stock by proxy, being in a management position and having the authority as a manager, etc. When there are 2 people with equal shares in a partnership or a 50/50 joint venture under the E2 visa, a controlling interest can still be shown if each partner or joint venturer retains full management responsibility and rights of the U.S. business investment due to negative control (i.e., neither person can make a decision without the other person’s consent). However, this type of equal partnership cannot work if there are more than 2 owners due to the control being divided up too much.

U.S. Business Becomes the Business Investor (Diffused Ownership)

In scenarios where the treaty country ownership is too diffuse to allow one person or company to show that they can direct and develop the U.S, business, the business owners that have the nationality of the treaty country used must show that (1) together they own 50% of the U.S. business, and (2) together they have control and authority to develop and direct the U.S. business. Under this scenario, the U.S. business will be in the role of the treaty investor under the E2 visa and the business owner will be in the role of an employee of the treaty investor instead.

Committed Irrevocably

The E2 visa treaty investor should already be one step away from actually running the operations of the U.S. business which means that it cannot still be in the early stages of signing contracts or looking for office locations for the U.S. business when applying for the E2 visa.

To show that the E2 visa treaty investor has committed irrevocably to the U.S. business, it must be shown that they have already made real actual investments into the U.S. business and that the investment is not speculative such as showing just a mere intent to invest, uncommitted funds in a bank account, or potential investment arrangements with no present commitment made yet.

Escrow Agreements

In certain cases, a binding escrow agreement that includes details confirming how the money will be used if the E2 visa is issued or if the E2 visa is not issued can be enough to prove that the treaty investor is actively in the process of investing in the U.S. business. For example, money for the purchase of a U.S. business is held in escrow to be transferred or released upon the condition that the E2 visa is approved can qualify as an irrevocable commitment.

Value of Equipment or Goods

Money that has already been spent on purchasing equipment or goods for the U.S. business or the overseas equipment or goods that have been transferred to the United States for the U.S. business can qualify as investments irrevocably committed to the U.S. business under the E2 visa. The current market price or the original purchase price minus the depreciation of the equipment or goods will be used as the amount to calculate the investment.

The purchased or transferred equipment or goods under the E2 visa must be shown that it will be used by the U.S. business for commercial purposes which means that being used for personal purposes is not allowed. For example, a company car would need to show that it is used for the U.S. business operations (such as the car is mainly used by employees to deliver samples to clients) and not used by the business owner to do personal errands.

Payment on Leases

The cost of the leases of rented equipment or property can also be calculated into the total amount of irrevocably committed investment based on the amount of their monthly payments or the amount that was paid in advance (not paid by the income generated from the business). For example, if a 1-year lease for a rental truck is prepaid in full, the whole amount that was prepaid can be qualified as an investment under the E2 visa. On the other hand, if the 1-year lease for the rental truck is going to be paid on a monthly basis, then it will typically only be calculated for the amount of one month because the remaining payments for it are presumed to be paid from income generated from the U.S. business.

Substantial Investment & Not Marginal Business

The investment under the E2 visa must be a substantial amount of capital and it cannot be a marginal investment where the only purpose is to earn enough to cover the minimal living costs of the treaty investor and their family.

There is no set dollar amount on how much capital needs to be invested for an E2 visa. Instead, an inverted proportionality test of the amount of capital actually invested and the cost of the U.S. business is used to determine what is a substantial investment for the E2 visa. The cost of an existing U.S. business is its fair market value (which is usually its purchase price). The cost of a start-up business is the actual cost that is needed to establish the business to the point that it can operate.

Under the E2 visa applications, an investment made that equals or is more than the value of the business would be enough to qualify as a substantial investment. However, most cases do not involve investments that are as high as the cost of the business itself under the E2 visa applications which results in the usage of the proportionality rule instead. In most E2 visa application cases, the investment amount should be proportionately higher when the cost of the U.S. business is lower. For example, a U.S. business that is a car manufacturing plant may cost $10M dollars to purchase but a consulting firm may cost $100k instead. The business investor would likely be able to qualify for an E2 visa with an investment amount that is considered on a lower proportion (such as 30% which is $3M) for the car manufacturing business but would need to invest in an amount that is considered a higher proportion (such as 95% which is $95k) for the consulting business.

Small Family-Owned Business

For smaller family-owned businesses with lower levels of investments, statistics from trade associations or letters from chambers of commerce may be used to help determine what a reasonable amount of investment can be qualified as a substantial investment under the E2 visa.

New Companies (Start-Ups)

For start-up companies or companies that do not currently earn enough income under the E2 visa application, a projected future income can be used alternatively to show that the U.S. business can make a significant economic contribution to the United States. This usually involves the U.S. business showing that it currently employs U.S. workers or will soon employ U.S. workers, or that it will indirectly increase local job opportunities or otherwise make a significant economic positive impact on the local economy such as regularly hiring subcontractors creating indirect local employment. Job creation for U.S. workers as full-time employees is usually more favorable than for employees in part-time or seasonal positions.

The projected future income and significant economic contribution to the United States should typically be attainable within 5 years of the date that the U.S. business under the E2 visa starts its normal business activities. If the U.S. business is already generating income, then it should show business growth. A detailed business plan generally would be needed to satisfy this requirement under the E2 visa.

E2 VISA PERIOD OF STAY & EXTENSION (RENEWAL)

The E2 visa status can be granted an initial period of stay up to 2 years (the E2 visa itself may be granted up to 5 years depending on the reciprocal country) and the renewal (extensions of stay) can be granted for up to additional 2 years each time. There is no maximum limit on how many times the E2 visa can be renewed and an automatic two-year period of readmission is generally granted when the E2 visa holder returns to the United States after traveling overseas. The automatic 2-year renewals do not apply to the family members of the E2 visa holder unless they were returning to the United States with the principal E2 visa holder (i.e., the E2 visa treaty investor).

＊The period of stay that can be granted for the E2 visa varies among different treaty countries. For example, Canadians can be granted a period of stay for up to 2 years whereas Mexicans can be granted a period of stay for up to 1 year.

E2 visa Grace Period

The E2 visa business investor (treaty investor) is allowed to enter the United States 10 days before the start date and stay an additional 10 days after the end date. However, no work can be done in those additional 20 days. There is also a 60-day grace period of authorized stay in the United States if the investor’s E2 visa is terminated earlier than their visa status end date. Working is also not allowed during the 60-day grace period since its purpose is for the person to look for other employment or wrap up their affairs in the United States.

E2 VISA REQUIREMENTS & DOCUMENTS

The E2 visa has six main requirements that need to be satisfied: evidence must be provided to the USCIS or DOS to show that (1) the foreign investor has invested or is actively in the process of investing a substantial amount of capital in a U.S. business, (2) the foreign investor will only be in the United States to direct and develop the business, (3) the source of funds for the investment must be lawful and at-risk commercially, (4) the foreign investor owns 50% of the U.S. business or controls it by other means, (5) the U.S. business cannot be marginal, and (6) the treaty investor has the nationality or citizenship from a qualified treaty country.

Documents Required for the E2 Visa (International Treaty Investor)

The evidence provided to the USCIS or DOS for the E2 visa (Treaty Investor) must show:

The original statutory wording for the evidentiary requirements of the E2 visas can be found in 8 CFR 214.2(e).

E2 VISA PROCESSING TIME & PREMIUM PROCESSING

The total time an E2 visa takes is consisted of the processing time for the (1) U.S. business registration with the U.S. consulate or embassy (if it is the first E2 visa), (2) E2 visa application (Form I-129) with USCIS or E2 visa application (Form DS-156E) with the U.S. consulate or embassy and/or the (3) visa application (DS-160) at a U.S. consulate or embassy overseas if the person is not already in the United States or is ineligible to do a change of status within the United States. In most cases, it is preferable to file the E2 visa application with the U.S. consulate or embassy and not with the USCIS.

A rough estimate of the processing time for the E2 treaty investor’s visa application is around 4 to 6 months. Factors that influence the processing time usually include but are not limited to if there was any Request for Evidence (“RFE”) issued from the USCIS, the caseload of the USCIS service center and/or the caseload of the U.S. consulate or embassy.

Premium Processing for Form I-129 (Expedited Service)

A rough estimate for the Form I-129 application for the E2 visa is around 4 to 6 months (or 1 month for special blanket L1 visas). However, a 15-day premium processing (Form I-907) is available for the Form I-129 part of the E2 visa application. Premium processing is an optional expedited service where the USCIS guarantees that the case will be processed within 15 calendar days (not business days). When a notice of intent to deny (NOID) or a request for evidence (RFE) is issued, a new 15 calendar days will start when the USCIS receives a response from the applicant. If the USCIS fails to process within the time frame, a refund of the service fee will be given and the case will continue to be expedited. Please note that USCIS’s guaranteed response may be an approval notice, denial notice, notice of intent to deny (NOID), request for evidence (RFE), or open an investigation for fraud or misrepresentation.

The current premium processing fee for the E2 visa is $2500 USD and it can be requested when the original application is submitted to the USCIS or an upgrade to premium processing can be done when the case is pending.

E2 VISA STATUS CHANGE

After the USCIS or U.S. consulate or embassy approves the E2 visa application (Form I-129/DS-156E), the person will then need to change into their E2 visa status. There are 2 ways to change into the E2 visa status: change of status (done in the United States) and physically entering the United States after consular processing (done outside of the United States).

Change of Status & Consular Processing

Change of status is usually for a person who is already in the United States with another valid nonimmigrant visa status and has maintained a lawful visa status throughout their time in the United States. On the other hand, consular processing is for a person who lives outside the United States or for a person who is ineligible to change their status in the United States due to noncompliance of U.S. immigration law (e.g., overstayed on their previous visa status, worked when they did not have valid U.S. work authorization, the visa status they used to enter the United States does not allow them to change into another type of visa status, etc.)

Person Outside U.S. (or Person Ineligible for Change of Status)

For a person who is residing overseas (outside the United States) or a person who is ineligible for change of status with the E2 visa application (Form I-129), consular processing must be done to obtain the E2 visa status. Consular processing involves the person attending an in-person interview at the U.S. consulate or embassy usually in the person’s home country. In certain circumstances, a person can do consular processing in another country as a “Third Country National.”

After the interview approval at the U.S. consulate or embassy, the person would have to be admitted entry into the United States by the CBP officer at the border (usually at the airport) which means that the person would have to physically enter the United States as the final step for the E2 visa status to be activated.

Person Residing in the U.S. (Maintained Lawful Visa Status)

For a person who is already in the United States with another valid nonimmigrant visa, there are usually two options available to obtain the E2 visa status:

(1) Change of Status: this is the more commonly chosen option where the person states that they would like to change their status without leaving the United States in their E2 visa application (Form I-129). If the person is eligible (no violations of U.S. immigration laws), then their nonimmigrant visa status will be changed upon the approved employment start date listed in the E2 visa application. In cases where the person’s change of status request is denied or the person needs to change it into consular processing, an application for action on an approved application or petition (Form I-824) may be required.

(2) Consular Processing: this must be chosen if a person cannot show that they have maintained lawful visa status in the United States or for any other reasons such as the person needs to travel internationally before the E2 visa application is approved.

E2 VISA CHANGE IN BUSINESS

The E2 visa treaty investors or their employees can only work the activities that were approved in the original E2 visa application with one exception where the E2 visa employee is allowed to work for the parent company or a subsidiary if:

The relationship between the organizations is qualified
The employment in the subsidiary requires supervisory, executive, or essential skills
There have been no changes in the terms and conditions of the employment

A new or amended E2 visa petition must be filed when there is a substantial change in the terms and conditions of the E2 visa status. A substantial change under the E2 visa is when a fundamental change happens such as a merger, acquisition, or sale of division where an E2 employee is employed. The E2 visa employee must wait until the amended or new E2 visa petition is approved to work.

E2 VISA FAMILY MEMBERS

Dependent family members (spouse and unmarried children under 21 years old) of E2 visa workers are allowed to stay in the United States under the E2 visa status and do not need to have the same nationalities as the principal E2 visa business investor. The E2 spouse (not the E2 child) can legally work in the United States with an employment authorization document (EAD, Form I-765).

E2 VISA LIMITED DUAL INTENT

Dual intent visas allow the foreign person to have both an intent to temporarily stay in the United States and an intent to permanently stay in the United States. The intention to permanently stay in the United States can be shown when the foreign person has a pending green card petition with the USCIS or an approved PERM labor certification from the U.S. Department of Labor.

The E2 visas are limited dual intent visas which means that the timing of any green card application or petition must be carefully strategized. Having dual intention (which is possessing an immigrant intent and a nonimmigrant intent at the same time) is very tricky for E2 visa holders because the U.S. Department of State (i.e., U.S. consulate or embassies) does not recognize it as a dual intent visa but the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service (“USCIS”) in practice does treat it as a dual intent visa limited with certain restrictions.

Due to the situation described above (i.e., the different beliefs that the U.S. consulate or embassy and the USCIS hold on the dual intent of the E2 visa), showing an immigrant intent can cause issues with the E2 visa holder’s eligibility to renew (extend) their visa or apply for other nonimmigrant (temporary) visas to travel to the United States. For example, an E2 visa renewal (extension) will likely be denied if an E2 visa holder who has a pending green card petition (which shows immigrant intent) applies for it at the U.S. consulate or embassy (i.e., part of the Department of State), whereas it will likely be approved if it was applied for with the USCIS.

Another issue that may arise when the E2 visa holder shows an immigrant intent is when they return to the United States after traveling internationally. For example, an E2 visa holder who has a pending green card application may be denied admission into the United States by the CBP officers at the border (e.g., airport) because the CBP is a part of the U.S. Department of State that believes the E2 visa is not a dual intent visa (i.e., cannot have an immigrant intent) and that having a pending green card application shows that the person has an intention of staying in the United States permanently. So, unlike visas (e.g., H1 visa, L1 visa) that allow dual intention, E2 visa holders should be more cautious when deciding whether they must travel internationally after they file for a green card (immigrant visa) petition.

CONCLUSION (TLDR)

The E2 visas are for foreign business investors from certain treaty countries to manage their business investments in the United States. The investment requires a substantial amount of money and the E2 visa business investor must have control over the business to manage its operations in the United States which usually means that the person owns at least 50% of the business.

Alternatives to the E2 Visa Application

The closest alternatives to filing the E2 visa treaty investor application as a business owner would be filing for an E1 visa application for treaty investors who has an existing business that does mostly international trades between the United States and the treaty country that they are from, or an L1A visa or an L1B visa petition which is for employees who are either a manager or executive, or a person who has specialized knowledge of a multinational company to transfer from an overseas office to work in a United States office. Like the E2 visa, the L1A visa, and L1B visa also allow a foreign person to come to the United States to set up and manage start-up companies or newly established companies.

Another possible alternative to filing an E2 visa application would be to file for a green card application which is a permanent immigrant visa and not a temporary visa like the E2 visa. Typically, a person who is qualifiable as a business owner (treaty investor) for an E2 visa would choose to file for an EB5 green card (investor green card) due to certain similarities of the standards and requirements between the two visas. For more on green cards gained through work, please read the overview for employment-based green cards.

E2 Visa Transitioning into an EB5 Green Card

The main difference between a green card and a temporary work visa (such as an E2 visa, E1 visa, L1 visa, O1 visa, H1B visa, P1 visa, TN visa, E3 visa) is that a green card holder can freely change jobs among different employers without needing additional filings or approvals from the U.S. government. Also, unlike temporary work visas, green cards are permanent so there is no set maximum time on how long a green card holder can stay in the United States.

When the E2 visa business investor decides that they would like to live in the United States permanently and do not want to be subject to the constant filing requirements to manage different businesses or investments in the United States, the next step for them is to file a green card application. The EB5 green card that is for investors in U.S. businesses is usually chosen by the business investors under the E2 visa because of certain similarities of the standards and requirements between the two visas.

However, it must be cautioned that transitioning into a green card would mean that the E2 visa holder would also need to give up certain rights and benefits that were given to them under the particular E2 visa trade agreement between the country that they are from and the United States. For example, the tax liabilities (e.g., tax rates) may change for their business that was previously under the E2 visa. The rights and benefits from the E2 visa trade agreement end when the person becomes a green card holder by filing for a waiver (Form I-508) to adjust their status into a green card holder or by physically entering the United States with their immigrant visa (green card).

Furthermore, a person can qualify for an employment-based green card no matter where they are currently residing in the world. There is no pre-requisite as to the person being in some type of nonimmigrant visa status (such as an E2 visa) or having an educational degree from a U.S. school. In other words, a person who does not have a U.S. degree and has never been to the United States can still qualify for an employment-based green card. Thus, even if a person is not in an E2 visa status yet but does have the qualifications for an E2 visa, they can alternatively choose to file for an EB5 green card application instead.

HAVE A E2 VISA IMMIGRATION QUESTION? CONTACT US

If you have an E2 work visa (Treaty Investor) immigration question, please fill out our contact us form or send us an email with some basic information about your background and your immigration needs. We will do our best to respond within 48 hours.

How we can help?

Kylie Huang Law’s immigration attorney will help identify whether the E2 visa is the appropriate nonimmigrant visa category for the client’s professional background and if there are other visa options for the client. We will work closely with our client to prepare a convincing case for their E2 visa application and we will also strategize on how the E2 visa application should be presented to achieve the best chances of approval. It is strongly advised and common practice to retain an immigration attorney for an E2 business visa application due to the complexities in the immigration process and visa requirements.

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